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Levels of Reality in Science and Philosophy
This book offers a unique perspective on one of the deepest questions about the world we live in: is reality multi-leveled, or can everything be reduced to some fundamental ‘flat’ level? This deep philosophical issue has widespread implications in philosophy, since it is fundamental to how we understand the world and the basic entities in it. Both the notion of ‘levels’ within science and their ontological implications are issues that are underexplored in the philosophical literature. The volume reconsiders the view that reality contains many levels and opens new ways to understand the ontological status of the special sciences. The book focuses on major open questions that arise at ...
Engaging Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam was one of the leading philosophers of the second half of the 20th century. As student of Rudolph Carnap's and Hans Reichenbach's, he went on to become not only a major figure in North American analytic philosophy, who made significant contributions to the philosophy of mind, language, mathematics, and physics but also to the disciplines of logic, number theory, and computer science. He passed away on March 13, 2016. The present volume is a memorial to his extraordinary intellectual contributions, honoring his contributions as a philosopher, a thinker, and a public intellectual. It features essays by an international team of leading philosophers, covering all aspects ...
Levels of Explanation
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. The different sciences furnish us with a wide variety of explanations: some work at macroscopic scales, some work at microscopic scales, and some operate across different levels. How do these different explanatory levels relate to one another, and what is an explanatory level in the first place? Over the last 50 years, more and more philosophers--both reductionists and anti-reductionists--no longer subscribe to the idea that the best explanation resides at the fundamen...
Laws of Nature and Chances
Barry Loewer presents a novel account of the metaphysics of law of nature, chances, fundamental ontology, and the space-time arena they occupy. He calls this the Package Deal Account. This aims to answer Stephen Hawking's question "What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?" Loewer's account stands on the shoulders of David Lewis's Humean Best Systems Account of laws and chances, but rejects Lewis' Humean ontology of natural properties, and instead lets the criteria that physicists employ for evaluating candidate fundamental theories of everything, together with reality, determine the universe's fundamental ontology. The Package Deal Account t...
The Nature of Physical Computation
Computing systems are ubiquitous in contemporary life. Even the brain is thought to be a computing system of sorts. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system "computes"? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute - and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? These questions are key to laying the conceptual foundations of computational sciences, including computer science and engineering, and the cognitive and neural sciences. Oron Shagrir here provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of ...
Modeling the Possible
Models are used to explore possibilities across all scientific fields. Climate models simulate the potential future climatic conditions under various emissions scenarios, macroeconomic models investigate the implications of various fiscal and monetary policy initiatives, and infectious diseases models study the spread of viral diseases under a range of conditions. Such modeling approaches have not gone ignored by philosophers of science, but they have only recently started to explicitly address modeling the possible. So far, the discussion has been spread across a variety of more or less isolated pockets of debate in the philosophy of science. Modeling the Possible: Perspectives from Philoso...
Algebra
Algebra is a subject we have become acquainted with during most of our mathematical education, often in connection with the solution of equations. Algebra: Groups, Rings, and Fields, Second Edition deals with developments related to their solutions. The principle at the heart of abstract algebra, a subject that enables one to deduce sweeping conclusions from elementary premises, is that the process of abstraction enables us to solve a variety of such problems with economy of effort. This leads to the glorious world of mathematical discovery. This second edition follows the original three-pronged approach: the theory of finite groups, number theory, and Galois’ amazing theory of field exten...
Textbook of Neuro-oncology
This new resource presents today's most comprehensive, multidisciplinary coverage of cancers of the central and peripheral nervous system. Experts in neurosurgery, neuroradiology, neuropathology, neuro-oncology, and all other relevant fields present well-rounded, in-depth, cutting-edge information on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment for each type of tumor entity. This practical organization allows readers to efficiently access complete clinical knowledge on any form of neurological cancer.
Advances in Neurologic Therapy, An issue of Neurologic Clinics
This issue of Neurologic Clinics features a review of the latest therapeutic developments in common and less common neurologic disorders and includes the following articles: Latest Data on Platelet Antiaggregants in Stroke Prevention; New Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Prevention; Unanswered Questions in Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke; New Strategies for Endovascular Recanalization of Acute Ischemic Stroke; New Developments in the Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. What is in the horizon?; New Therapies for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms; New and Emergency Therapies for Arteriovenous Malformations; Advances and Controversies in the Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Adults; Epilepsy: Neurostimulation and New Drug Targets; Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease; Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in Non-Parkinsonian Movement Disorders and Emerging Technologies, Targets and Therapeutic Promises in DBS; Multiple Sclerosis. New and Emerging Therapies; Advances in the Medical Management of Myasthenia Gravis; Update in the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors; and Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease.
Index Medicus
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
