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What were the consequences of the German occupation for the economy of occupied Europe? After Germany conquered major parts of the European continent, it was faced with a choice between plundering the suppressed countries and using their economies to supply its needs. The choices made not only differed from country to country, but also changed over the course of the war. Individual leaders; the economic needs of the Reich; the military situation; struggles between governors of occupied countries and Berlin officials; and finally racism, all had an impact on the outcome. In some countries the emphasis was placed on production for German warfare, which kept these economies functioning. New research, presented for the first time in this book, shows that as a consequence the economic setback in these areas was limited, and therefore post-war recovery was relatively easy. However, in other countries, plundering was more characteristic, resulting in partisan activity, a collapse of normal society and a dramatic destruction not only of the economy but in some countries of a substantial proportion of the labour force. In these countries, post-war recovery was almost impossible.
During the Second World War, the collaboration dilemma regarding Europe's business life came to the forefront as business leaders were faced with the necessity of cooperating with the German enemy in order to maintain production and survive as economic units. Working for the New Order examines Europe's corporate survival in a highly unstable business environment during this period of time. Cooperation with the dominant European power aimed to secure the future for business, national economies, and the nation states of Europe. With this point of reference, Europe's business life, of working for the New Order, contributed substantially to the Nazi German war effort.
This book concentrates on how small European countries coped with economic integration and disintegration during the twentieth century. Small countries had to adapt flexibly to the drastically changing conditions outside their borders. They had to find ways of maintaining their political autonomy notwithstanding their economic dependence, and they have been quite successful in accomplishing this difficult balancing act. The authors analyse how small countries responded to the challenges of the international system and describe the different policies and strategies pursued by governments, industries and firms. Originating from the XIII. Congress of the International Economic History Association (IEHA), the contributions to this volume offer new perspectives on a widely debated topic and contribute to a better understanding of the current process of globalisation in small and large countries. The volume is divided into three sections: I. Coping with Different Regimes for International Trade and Changing Competitiveness; II. From an Open World Economy to Economic Disintegration and Protectionism; III. Trade Liberalisation, European Integration and Deregulation.
For a long time agriculture and rural life were dismissed by many contemporaries as irrelevant or old-fashioned. Contrasted with cities as centers of intellectual debate and political decision-making, the countryside seemed to be becoming increasingly irrelevant. Today, politicians in many European countries are starting to understand that the neglect of the countryside has created grave problems. Similarly, historians are remembering that European history in the twentieth century was strongly influenced by problems connected to the production of food, access to natural resources, land rights, and the political representation and activism of rural populations. Hence, the handbook offers an o...
The essays in this volume consider the involvement of business corporations and of individual businessmen in the politics of the 1930s and 1940s: in the move away from the market and also from democracy, towards state control and authoritarianism, including the massive intervention of the state in property rights. How far did businesses attempt to guide this intervention for their own purposes, and to what extent did they succeed? This debate deals, centrally, with the role of German business, of banks, of industrial corporations, and of small tradesmen in the Nazi regime. An older discussion of how they may have facilitated the Nazi takeover has been supplemented here by an investigation in...
This study brings together the expertise of an international group of scholars to survey the development of political and economic relations between Britain and the Netherlands from the Napoleonic era to the present day. It illuminates both the underlying refrain of harmony in international outlook, ideology and interests that often made for close co-operation between the two countries, and also their episodic instances of conflict. The contributors address topics ranging from Anglo-Dutch relations in the era of imperialism; the tensions created by Dutch neutrality in the First World; the challenges of the inter-war years; the role of the Dutch in British strategy during the Second World War; colonialism and decolonisation; and, most recently, bilateral relations in the European framework. Based on detailed research in British and Dutch archives, Unspoken Allies provides new insights into relations between two of the principal "amphibious" powers of Europe across the last two centuries.
The history of the world’s second international organisation, an innovative techno-political institution established by Europe’s Concert of Powers to remove insecurity from the Lower Danube.
Paying for Hitler's War is a comparative economic study of twelve Nazi-occupied countries during World War II.
Surviving Hitler and Mussolini examines how far everyday life was possible in a situation of total war and brutal occupation. Its theme is the social experience of occupation in German- and Italian-occupied Europe, and in particular the strategies ordinary people developed in order to survive. Survival included meeting the challenges of shortage and hunger, of having to work for the enemy, of women entering into intimate relations with soldiers, of the preservation of culture in a fascist universe, of whether and how to resist, and the reaction of local communities to measures of reprisal taken in response to resistance. What emerges is that ordinary people were less heroes, villains or victims than inventive and resourceful individuals able to maintain courage and dignity despite the conditions they faced.The book adopts a comparative approach from Denmark and the Netherlands to Poland and Greece, and offers a fresh perspective on the Second World War.
Cross-border economic activity is gaining more and more importance. This is especially true for the border region between Germany and the Netherlands. The GD Tax Centre was founded to research on the taxation of such activities in 2012. The GD Tax Centre brought together renowned scientists and a significant number of emerging young talents from both sides of the border over a period of three years. This anthology represents some of the research results of the GD Tax Centre. Further research results have been made public via events, presentations or academic publications and a variety of other ways. It consists of many different articles, which mainly discuss topics of cross-border business ...