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The Underlying Mechanisms and Novel Approaches for Diabetes and its Related Complications
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which severely affects the quality of life and survival of patients. The latest data from the International Diabetes Federation showed that there are approximately 537 million diabetic patients globally in 2021, and it is expected to reach 783 million by 2045. The treatment regime of diabetic patients mainly refers to the management of blood glucose and its complications. At present, typical hypoglycemic medications include insulin and non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs, which can be subdivided into a-glucosidase inhibitors, metformin, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, glinides, DPP-4i, GLP-1RA, and...
The Sodium Pump
The sodium of animal cell membranes converts the chemical energy obtained from the hydrolysis of adenosine 5' -triphosphate into a movement of the cations Na + and K + against an electrochemical gradient. The gradient is used subse quently as an energy source to drive the uptake of metabolic substrates in polar epithelial cells and to use it for purposes of communications in excitable cells. The biological importance of the sodium pump is evident from the fact that be tween 20-70% of the cell's metabolic energy is consumed for the pumping pro cess. Moreover, the sodium pump is an important biological system involved in regulatory processes like the maintenance of the cells' and organism's wa...
Oxidants and Redox Signaling in Inflammation
During the last two decades, our view of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammatory processes has changed dramatically. ROS that are constantly produced at lower levels by living cells metabolizing oxygen contribute to normal cellular function and tissue homeostasis. ROS are produced at higher levels in inflammation and regulate the inflammatory response in specific ways. The role of ROS in inflammation is complex and primarily determined by their relative amount, chemical properties, reactivity, subcellular localization and molecular environment, specificity for their biological targets, and availability and mechanisms of antioxidant defense systems. This eBook comprises twel...
Weathering
Weathering is atmospheric, geological, temporal, transformative. It implies exposure to the elements and processes of wearing down, disintegration, or accrued patina. Weathering can also denote the ways in which subjects and objects resist and pass through storms and adversity. This volume contemplates weathering across many fields and disciplines; its contributions examine various surfaces, environments, scales, temporalities, and vulnerabilities. What does it mean to weather or withstand? Who or what is able to pass through safely? What is lost or gained in the process?
State of the Art of Therapeutic Endocrinology
During the last two decades, evidence of increasing trends of several endocrine-related disorders has been strengthened. These disorders often come with lack of uniform diagnosis and/ or even unclear endocrine disruption. The later is mainly due to abnormal classical changes in the blood- released hormone to its targeted organ, abnormal communication between cells within a tissue or organ (paracrine), within the same cell (intracrine) or signals which act on the same cell (autocrine). This challenging status drives endocrinologists to the urgent need to address enormous knowledge gaps in this wide field of research (Endocrinology). From the perspective point of view that "hormones control our bodies", we need to get these hormones rebalanced so we can restore overall health. That is simply endocrinology!
Beyond the Mirror
Since the late 1980s visibility has become a currency of social recognition, and a political issue. It also brought forth a new discipline, visual culture studies, and a hotly contested debate unfolded between art history and visual culture studies over the interpretation of visual culture, whose impact can still be felt today. In this first comparative study Susanne von Falkenhausen reveals the concepts of seeing as scholarly act that underwrite these competing approaches to visuality and society, along with the agendas of identity politics that motivate them. In close readings of key texts spanning from the early 20th century to the present the author crosses expertly between American, German, and British versions of art history, cultural studies, aesthetics, and film studies.
Sjögren’s Syndrome: Pathogenicity, Novel targets and Antigens.
Dr. Baer is the site PI for a clinical trial investigating treatments related to Sjogren’s Syndrome, in conjunction with Viela Bio. The other Topic Editors declare no competing interests with relation to the topic theme.
Utopia(s) - Worlds and Frontiers of the Imaginary
The idea of Utopia springs from a natural desire of transformation, of evolution pertaining to humankind and, therefore, one can find expressions of “utopian” desire in every civilization. Having to do explicitly with human condition, Utopia accompanies closely cultural evolution, almost as a symbiotic organism. Maintaining its roots deeply attached to ancient myths, utopian expression followed, and sometimes preceded cultural transformation. Through the next almost five hundred pages (virtually one for each year since Utopia was published) researchers in the fields of Architecture and Urbanism, Arts and Humanities present the results of their studies within the different areas of expert...
Liquid Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography: Applications, Second Edition,is a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern liquid chromatography. It gives those working in both academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh, and deepen their knowledge of the wide variety of applications in the field. In the years since the first edition was published, thousands of papers have been released on new achievements in liquid chromatography, including the development of new stationary phases, improvement of instrumentation, development of theory, and new applications in biomedicine, metabolomics, proteomics, foodomics, pharmaceuticals, and more. This second edition addres...
