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Longitudinal Surveys
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Systematic Reviews
Systematic reviews study the findings of research already undertaken. They provide a reliable account of the state of current knowledge (the evidence base) on an issue by appraising and synthesizing the results of "existing research using explicit, accountable rigorous research methods" (Gough et al., 2017, p. 4). Systematic reviews developed out of a need to use research findings to help inform policy, practice, and individual decision-making and further research. To use research findings, we need to know what these findings are. What is the current evidence base? What do we know from research and how do we know it? Clarity of what is already known from research is thus the starting point for both using research findings and for planning new research.
Web Surveying Design and Implementation
Web surveys refer to the multiple methods researchers use to administer surveys online. As communication and information technologies have evolved, there have been exciting changes to the way one can conduct surveys. In particular, the use of Internet-based surveys delivered via broadband connect, mobile Internet, and text message has become commonplace in the toolbox of survey researchers. However, the introduction of new methods and technologies has come with as many challenges as solutions in primary data collection. In this entry, the reader will find an overview of the state of survey methodology with a specific and pointed focus on the web survey design and implementation. This entry provides background on the path leading to questions about web-based survey data collection, what empirical research has shown us, the challenges associated with transitioning from other modes of survey data collection to the web, and the use of various web-based platforms such as social media in recruiting subjects. In addition, this entry discusses the social and technological forces that have both driven and are the drivers of the use of web-based survey data collection.
Johnson, Norman L.
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Lundberg, George
George Lundberg (1895-1966) played a significant role in methodological discussion in U.S. sociology from the 1930s to the 1950s: He promoted "science," however, that was defined. His origins were humble, but he worked his way up to a position of prominence. Working in liaison with Stuart C. Dodd, he was heavily involved in arguing for the relevance to social science of what they saw as natural-science methods. They planned a division of labour, with Lundberg as evangelist, writing less technically for a wide public, while Dodd developed empirical work on measurement. To propound their ideas, conflict with many opponents was actively pursued at conferences and in publications. The circle of those with shared sympathies that emerged was cross-disciplinary. Lundberg's own empirical work was limited, but ...
