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Language is acquired, comprehended, and produced in a rule-based fashion; nonetheless, variation in language is constantly observable—from alternating forms used by second and third language speakers to systematic changes in linguistic rules which eventually come to characterize entirely different language varieties. Therefore, understanding variation helps linguists understand the very forces that shape language itself. This book presents quantitative and qualitative research from interdisciplinary perspectives: second language acquisition, sociolinguistics, discourse studies and syntax. These ten chapters shed empirical light on the variables that result in systematic variation in language. From the influence of previously learned languages on the acquisition of a third language, to how social variables impact the phonetics of French political speaking styles, to how different types of comparatives in Jordanian Arabic can be distinguished by features within a syntactic hierarchy of functional projections, the chapters identify the linguistic factors which are behind the heterogeneity of structures in their individual topics of investigation.
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online.
English as a lingua franca has become a hot topic in Applied Linguistics and English Studies. While it has been a subject of controversy for some time, linguistic observations on actual use have largely been missing out of the debate. This is now changing fast, and the study of English as a lingua franca has become a vibrant research field. This book reflects achievements in the growing field; it presents a good selection of empirical findings, thus providing substance to arguments. It comprises contributions from pioneers and established scholars in the field, along with reports from substantial ongoing research projects. The papers offer insights into the workings of English as a lingua fr...
Here is the primary reference source for the names and service records of upwards of 20,000 Kentucky soldiers and officers, both regular and militia, who served in the War of 1812. The muster rolls are laid out in tabular format by regiment and company, and thereunder the names are arranged by rank, with records of dates of appointment or enlistment and remarks such as when discharged, deceased, etc. As the official roster, this work was ordered to be compiled and printed by an Act of the Kentucky General Assembly, the number not to exceed 300 copies. The original records are now in the custody of the Kentucky Military Department, Frankfurt. To the work as originally published we have added an Index, completely lacking in the original. Our reprint is further enhanced by the inclusion of an Introduction by G. Glenn Clift which sets forth the background, location, and other sources of the records of the War of 1812 for the State of Kentucky.