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North Carolina Reports
Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of North Carolina.
The Biology of Learning
P. Marler* and H. S. Terrace** *The Rockefeller University Field Research Center Millbrook, NY 12545 **Dept. of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA For the first half of this century, theories of animal conditioning were regarded as the most promising approach to the study of learning - both animal and human. For a variety of reasons, disillusionment with this point of view has become widespread during recent years. One prominent source of disenchantment with conditioning theory is a large body of ethological observations of both learned and unlearned natural behavior. These challenge the generality of principles of animal learning as derived from the intensive study of a...
Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences
The Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, Sixth Edition provides a comprehensive summary and evaluation of recent research on the social aspects of aging. The 25 chapters are divided into four sections discussing Aging and Time, Aging and Social Structure, Social Factors and Social Institutions, and Aging and Society. Within this context, aging is examined from the perspectives of many disciplines and professions including anthropology, bioethics, demography, economics, epidemiology, law, political science, psychology, and sociology.The Sixth Edition of the Handbook is virtually 100% new material. Seventeen chapters are on subjects not carried in the previous edition. Seven topics were ...
The Dimensions of Experience
This book is an evolutionary history of life on earth. Its focus is not the evolution of the structural/functional adaptations found in any biology textbook, though these are necessarily discussed in a general way. Its primarily concerned with consciousness, with what the organism experiences. Just how far back into evolutionary history consciousness extends, of course, is a highly controversial issue, and one which we will probably never resolve with certainty. We know we are conscious, and most people would probably extend consciousness to other mammals, but when it comes to lower vertebrates, let alone invertebrates, there is no consensus. This book takes a what if approach. What if all f...
Learning As Self-organization
A year before his death, B.F. Skinner wrote that "There are two unavoidable gaps in any behavioral account: one between the stimulating action of the environment and the response of the organism and one between consequences and the resulting change in behavior. Only brain science can fill those gaps. In doing so, it completes the account; it does not give a different account of the same thing." This declaration ended the epoch of radical behaviorism to the extent that it was based on the doctrine of the "empty organism," the doctrine that a behavioral science must be constructed purely on its own level of investigation. However, Skinner was not completely correct in his assessment. Brain sci...
Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory provides a balanced review of the core methods and the latest research on animal learning and human memory. Topical coverage ranges from the basic and central processes of learning, including classical and instrumental conditioning and encoding and storage in long-term memory, to topics not traditionally covered, such as spatial learning, motor skills, and implicit memory. The general rules of learning are reviewed along with the exceptions, limitations, and best applications of these rules. Alternative approaches to learning and memory, including cognitive, neuroscientific, functional, and behavioral, are also discussed. Individual differences in age, gender, learning ab...
Biochar for Environmental Management
Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process. This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines.
Adaptive Behavior and Learning
Adaptive behaviour is of two types only. Either an animal comes equipped by heredity with the ability to identify situations in which a built-in response is appropriate or it has mechanisms allowing it to adapt its behaviour in situations in which the correct response cannot be predicted. Adaptive behaviour of the second type comes about through natural selection, which weeds out individuals that identify situations inaccurately or respond inappropriately. Adaptive behaviour of the second type comes about through the selection of behavioural variants by the environment. This book is about the second type of adaptive behaviour, of which learning is the most highly developed form. Adaptive Behaviour and Learning constitutes a provocative theoretical integration of the psychological and biological approaches to adaptive behaviour. John Staddon's ideas will have a major impact on psychologists and zoologists' conceptions of the problem of learning. Highly readable, the book will serve as a useful text for courses in learning, animal behaviour and comparative psychology.
