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Coffee – Production and Research presents a diversity of important issues related to coffee, with an emphasis on the science of coffee growing. Coffee is one of the highest value commodities traded worldwide. Cultivated and consumed widely, it generates progress for both the economy and society. Divided into six sections, this book examines two coffee species of commercial importance, Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex. A. Froehner. Chapters cover such topics as biotechnology, growing, harvesting, post-harvest handling, quality, chemistry, commercialization, and byproducts of coffee.
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Coffee is one of the most traditional and economically important agricultural commodities in tropical countries, especially in Brazil, the world,Äôs greatest producer. Typically, site preparation for planting coffee stands includes deep furrowing, which allows for better mitigation of soil physical and chemical limitations and thus stronger and deeper root development. However, the practice of deep tillage prior to planting coffee seedlings strongly disrupts soil aggregates and thus affects negatively the physical quality of soil. Thus, after these deep tillage operations, some management practices must be employed to improve soil aggregation and thus enhance the sustainability of coffee production. In this chapter, we review evidence of improved soil aggregation in planting furrows promoted by application of gypsum and grass biomass residues, favoring a better organization of the soil porous space for coffee roots. Other innovative techniques are also discussed, such as the use of organomineral fertilizers associated with plastic mulching in soil aggregation.
The son of legendary investor Warren Buffet relates how he set out to help nearly a billion individuals who lack basic food security through his passion of farming, in forty stories of lessons learned.
For twenty years, southern Sudan has been the site of a tragic and brutal civil war, pitting the northern-based Arab and Islamic government against rebels in African marginalized areas, especially the south. More than two million people have died and four million have been displaced as a result. In 1999, anew element radically changed the war: Sudanese oil, located in the south, was firs exported by the central government. The human price of this bonanza is immeasurable. The government, using oil revenues and aided by co-opted southerners, rained a scorched earth campaign of mass displacement, bombing, and terror on the agro-pastoral southern civilians living in and near the oil zones. The displaced number in the hundreds of thousands.
No part of the world is currently as much affected by migration and displacement as the Arab States. The region accounts for 5% of the global population but 32% of the global population of refugees and 38% of the global population of people internally displaced by conflict. Although migration offers opportunities, humanitarian crises have slowed down the pace of education development in the region relative to other regions, undermining the prospects of this and future generations. [Executive summary, ed]
Brazil is a world leader in coffee production. However, currently, it coexists with recurrent and severe droughts, accompanied by intense heat, strong insolation and low relative humidity. As the cultivation is carried out primarily in the rainy season, these world climate variations have affected crops yields and fruits quality, requiring innovative actions that promote efficient use of water stored in the soil. Among several soil management practices that promote a more rational use of water, deep tillage combined with liming, gypsum and fertilizer amendments lead to an increase in effective depth of coffee roots, therefore reducing water stress. Moreover, intercropping with Urochloa sp. is highly efficient in enhancing soil structure, water infiltration and plant available water capacity. Additionally, other innovative techniques and practices are also introduced in this chapter.