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Phosphatases, such as TNAP are fundamental in regulating the roles of cellular, and consequently numerous body functions. TNAP is a ubiquitous enzyme with a wide spectrum of substrates and specificity. Regulation at the cellular level and the lack of TNAP activity is a lethal condition. Recent findings of a highly specific regional, laminar and subcellular localization of TNAP in the cerebral cortex indicates that in addition to its metabolic and skeletal functions, TNAP also plays a role in regulating cerebral functions, most probably cognition. In fact, TNAP disturbance could result in complex diseases such as epilepsy, developmental retardation and Alzheimer's disease. Available data suggest that, regarding brain functions, TNAP is a potentially important target of clinical research. This book aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the functions of TNAP in the brain and on other tissues and organs.
This collection of essays, all published for the first time in English, provide a fresh look at the critical years of 1917-1920 when revolutionary activity and working-class unrest was rife in Europe. Written by leading authorities in the field, the collection gives wide European coverage, examining developments in the rural provinces and key cities of both Western and Central Europe in the period after the Great War. In-depth studies analyse the causes and extent of protest, the factors which contributed to its initial success and failure and the influence of the propertied classes and re-establishment of the old order. The introduction and conclusion draw the essays together, giving a clear account of the principal themes and establishing the comparative structure of the book. The essays provide major coverage of a crucial period of modern history and should raise many new questions about the events of those years.
This book explains why complex systems research is important in understanding the structure, function and dynamics of complex natural and social phenomena. It illuminates how complex collective behavior emerges from the parts of a system, due to the interaction between the system and its environment. Readers will learn the basic concepts and methods of complex system research. The book is not highly technical mathematically, but teaches and uses the basic mathematical notions of dynamical system theory, making the book useful for students of science majors and graduate courses.
Discover Novel and Insightful Knowledge from Data Represented as a Graph Practical Graph Mining with R presents a "do-it-yourself" approach to extracting interesting patterns from graph data. It covers many basic and advanced techniques for the identification of anomalous or frequently recurring patterns in a graph, the discovery of groups or clusters of nodes that share common patterns of attributes and relationships, the extraction of patterns that distinguish one category of graphs from another, and the use of those patterns to predict the category of new graphs. Hands-On Application of Graph Data Mining Each chapter in the book focuses on a graph mining task, such as link analysis, clust...
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