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IgG4 Autoantibodies in the Context of IgG4 Autoimmunity
Many autoimmune diseases are induced by pathogenic autoantibodies, that bind to self-antigen expressed in cells and tissues, and induce disease by the recruitment of immune cells, activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of antigen cross-linking and endocytosis. These pathogenic mechanisms are, however, not available to antibodies of the IgG4 subclass, as these differ structurally from the other IgG subclasses, leaving them “immunologically inert”. In general, it is thought that IgG4 is part of an anti-inflammatory immune response to an overreactive pro-inflammatory response, e.g. in the context of helminth infection and allergy.
Complement in Nervous System Disease
Neuroinflammation is associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. It causes secondary damage, which is a major determinant for progression and outcome. Activated complement is suspected to be a key player to neuroinflammation. Complement is an important evolutionary ancient system for host anti-microbial aid. It serves the innate immunity and interfaces with the adaptive immunity. Complement recognizes non-cognate or altered-self antigens and devours 'unwanted' cells or cell compartments. Activation of complement leads to opsonisation of a target, inflammation by the release of anaphylatoxins, and damage of the target by the assembled membrane attack complex. Because complement can harm self-tissue, activation is tightly controlled by regulators. However, complement activation might be excessive and uncontrolled at sites of damage contributing to neuroinflammation leading to neurodegeneration.
Advances in Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Update on Translational Neuroimmunology - Research of ISNI 2018
The 14th International Congress of Neuroimmunology, ISNI 2018, was held in August 2018 in Brisbane, Australia, and is a biennial event organized by the International Society of Neuroimmunology (ISNI). The theme of ISNI 2018 was “Travelling the Neuroimmunological Translational Highway”, and the Congress highlighted many research discoveries that bridge the gap between basic and clinical sciences, and which impact our understanding of pathogenic immune-mediated mechanisms in diseases affecting the nervous system. In this Research Topic, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of topics highlighted at the Congress, showcasing the current state of the field of neuroimmunology and where it is going in the near future.
Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Disorders
Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Disorders, Second Edition is a thoroughly re-written and updated version of the highly successful first edition published in 1999. Comprehensively written by leaders at the forefront of research, not to mention thoroughly referenced throughout and gorgeously illustrated, this new edition of the classic 1999 text will cement its place as the text on Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders for years to come.
Urinary System
A complete update on the safety testing of foods, drugs, and chemicals in laboratory animals, featuring: - a thorough review of each subject area with extensive revision in line with new information and concepts - electron micrographs in exquisite detail to illustrate results of recent research - the effects of many carcinogens described succinctly and illustrated in detail - neoplasms described in detail and compared with natural and induced tumours in other species - standardised nomenclature. Of interest to those interested in the many applications to human patients, Urinary System: - facilitates uniform interpretation of bioassay results world-wide - provides a basis for understanding mechanisms involved in the functions and malfunctions of the most minute, but important structures of the kidneys - explains the functional significance of details by identifying the composition of structures at the molecular level. Forming a solid basis for understanding the causes and effects of disease of the urinary system, this is essential reading for pathologists, toxicologists, regulatory agencies, and all those involved in carcinogenicity and toxicity studies.
Autoimmune Neurological Disease
This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date and critical overview of the immunological aspects of autoimmune neurological disease. These diseases include common conditions such as multiple sclerosis, the Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis. The introductory chapters on antigen recognition and self-nonself recognition, and neuroimmunology, are followed by chapters on specific diseases. These are presented in a standardised format with sections on clinical features, genetics, neuropathology, pathophysiology, immunology and therapy. Each chapter has a concluding section which summarises key points and suggests directions for future research. Animal models of autoimmune neurological disease are also covered in detail because of their importance in understanding the human diseases. The book is suitable for clinicians and neurologists managing patients with these diseases, and for immunologists, neuroscientists and neurologists investigating the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these disorders.
Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders
Provides the latest information on imaging technologies and transdermal delivery in skin disorders This important, timely book covers the latest understanding about today's major skin disorders, the development of imaging technologies for skin diagnosis, and the applications of micro/nano-technologies for the treatment of skin complications. It also places great emphasis on the critical role that interdisciplinary science occupies to achieve the requisite level of understanding of skin conditions and their management, which is essential to creating technologies that work. Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders starts by outlining the structural characteristics of ski...
Treatment of Dystonia
Comprehensive reference for neurologists, neurosurgeons and physical therapists on the treatment of all dystonias in children and adults.
