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Ever since Regulatory T cells (T-Regs) were first defined as peripheral CD4+ T cells that express the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ra), there have been intensive efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms whereby this minor subset of CD4+ T cells (~ 5-10%) nonspecifically suppresses all potential effector T cells, whether reactive to self or non-self antigens. Multiple possible molecular mechanisms have been implicated, including the scavenging of IL-2 via the expression of high densities of IL-2Rs, the inhibition of antigen presentation via CTLA-4 molecules leading to decreased IL-2 production, the activation of intracellular cAMP thereby suppressing both IL-2 productio...
This book presents essential information on the use of the immunodeficient C.B.-17 SCID/SCID mouse for studying human hematopoiesis in vivo. Because of the lack of both humoral and cellular immunity, this mouse can be a unique host for implantation of human hematopoietic tissue using different methods. In the first section, in vivo development of human hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation of human T cells are described. In addition, the effects of growth factors and toxic agents of human hematopoiesis are described. The second section contains chapters in which the human immune responses in the SCID mouse are reviewed. The third section covers SCID mouse models to study human infectious diseases, leukemias and genetic disorders.
We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS has had no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that all aspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policy or opinion of the IUIS.
The presented information reflects a state-of-the-art summary of the pleiotropic effects of IL-10 in vitro and in vivo and will contribute to our understanding of the role of ILj-10 in the immune system and its potential clinicial utility in the near future. The book contains chapters in which the in vitro biological effects of IL-10 on both mouse and human lymphoid and myeloid cells are reviewed. In addition, the role of IL-10 in transplantation, parasite infections, inflammation, infectious diseases and bone formation is described. The effects of IL-10 in vivo are presented, describing an IL-10 transgenic mouse model, the IL-10 "knock-out" mouse, and the capacity of IL-10 to prevent lethal toxic shock in mice.
This book is a comprehensive text covering the major aspects of the cell and molecular biology of the facilitative glucose transporter family. The text reviews the biology and function of each family member, covers structure-function studies, the regulation of glucose transport by insulin and the consequence of diabetes and insulin resistance, discusses aspects of cellular signalling which control glucose transport, reviews the control of expression and function of GLUT2 in liver and pancreatic beta-cells, and reviews the effects of nutrients on the control of sugar transporter expression.
The Structure and Function of Interleukin-4 provides a detailed summary of the pleiotrophic effects of IL-4. In Section I, the structure of the IL-4 gene, IL-4R gene, and IL-4 protein are described. In Section II, in vitro effects of IL-4 are reviewed and focus is on particular cell lineage, as well as the role of IL-4 in hemopoiesis. Section III features chapters that discuss the effects of IL-4 in vivo, highlighting the dramatic ability of IL-4 to induce the switch of B cells to produce IgE. The Structure and Function of Interleukin-4 is an important book for immunologists, cell biologists, and pharmacologists who need a succinct description of the role of IL-4 in the development of different cell types and in cell-cell communication in the immune system.
Immunoendocrinology is a rapidly developing field of research that seeks to understand the intersection of the immune and endocrine systems. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects explores in detail the current knowledge of immunoendocrinology, namely endocrine disorders produced by disorders of immune function. Chapters cover both basic pathophysiology informed by studies of animal models as well as current understanding of multiple related clinical diseases—their pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects captures the central role of immunoendocrinologic processes in the pathogenesis of not only type 1 diabetes but in a range of other autoimmune and endocrine disorders.
With detailed contributions from more than 40 leading authorities on the topic, this Third Edition comprehensively explores the immunobiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-offering sections revealing the most up-to-date research on immune activation and dysregulation, the pathophysiology of target organ damage, and GVHD prevention and treatment.
The innate immune system has evolved means to recognize and react suitably to foreign entities such as infectious agents. In many cases infectious microorganisms threaten the integrity and function of the target organs or tissues; therefore, consequent to their recognition the immune system becomes activated to ensure their elimination. Toll-like receptors (TLR) constitute a family of receptors specialized in the recognition of molecular patterns typically associated with infectious agents. Different TLRs exist, each selective for molecular entities and motifs belonging to a specific pathogen group. Consequently, it is thought that the molecular nature of invading microorganisms activates sp...