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Axons are the major output processes of neurons, responsible for transmitting information to other neurons and tissues throughout the body. The 150,000+ kilometers of axons make up half of the brain's volume and require a large amount of energy. Normal axon function is the product of a massive number of intra- and extra-cellular mechanisms working in concert. Perhaps not surprisingly, the axon is a site of vulnerability during normal aging and in disease states, although this has only been recently appreciated. Axonopathy, broadly defined as functional or structural defects in the axon or its terminal, is common across a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions, including amyotrophic later...
Hospital-acquired infections are common and often result in life-threatening complications, mostly facing critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Patients with hospital-acquired infections may die from bacteremia/fungal/viral infection or hyperinflammatory complications because of an uncontrolled over-activation of the innate immune system with pathological levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, or from multiorgan failure. In addition to eliciting a robust inflammatory response, it paradoxically renders the host in an immunocompromised state at the late stage of the disease progression. Severe infectious diseases, including sepsis and septic shock are among the most common reasons for death in hospitals. Sepsis is an infection-induced syndrome characterized by a generalized inflammatory state and represents a frequent complication in surgical patients and in immunocompromised patients. Sepsis is a common, expensive, and frequently associated with a fatal outcome. Every 3 to 4 seconds somebody dies with sepsis, and it is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
New Trends in Basic and Clinical Research of Glaucoma: A Neurodegenerative Disease of the Visual System is the latest volume from Progress in Brain Research focusing on new trends in basic and clinical research of glaucoma. This established international series examines major areas of basic and clinical research within neuroscience, as well as emerging subfields. - This well-established international series examines major areas of basic and clinical research within neuroscience, as well as emerging subfields
Since long ago scientists have been trying hard to show up the core of glaucoma. To its understanding we needed to penetrate gradually to its molecular level. The newest pieces of knowledge about the molecular biology of glaucoma are presented in the first section. The second section deals with the clinical problems of glaucoma. Ophthalmologists and other medical staff may find here more important understandings for doing their work. What would our investigation be for, if not owing to the people’s benefit? The third section is full of new perspectives on glaucoma. After all, everybody believes and relies – more or less – on bits of hopes of a better future. Just let us engage in the mystery of glaucoma, to learn how to cure it even to prevent suffering from it. Each information in this book is an item of great importance as a precious stone behind which genuine, through and honest piece of work should be observed.
This collection provides methods and techniques employed when culturing, manipulating, quantifying, and functionally assessing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), vital for better understanding various ocular diseases and for developing novel therapies. The book features exhaustive and detailed protocols for the study of RGCs at both the in vitro and in vivo level, including the culture of rodent and human cells, and immunohistochemical, morphological, and functional assessments of various in vivo models of RGC death. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Retinal Ganglion Cells: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide to these important cellular features of the central nervous system and the many traumatic and degenerative blinding diseases that affect them.