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Pada dasarnya pembangunan sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat merupakan kegiatan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidup akan berdampak pada perubahan fungsi kehidupan. Dalam perspektif ini pembangunan disamakan dengan modernisasi (westernisasi) yaitu: pertumbuhan ekonomi, runtuhnya ikatan-ikatan tradisional dalam masyarakat, industrialisasi dan terbukanya pasar-pasar lokal (globalisasi). Oleh karena itu, tata kelola dan cara-cara dalam membangun akan menentukan besaran dampak yang akan terjadi pada keberlanjutan kehidupan dimasa yang akan datang. Buku ini berfokus dalam membahas pembangunan yang berkeadilan dalam kasus praktik pembangunan di Sumatera Utara dipilih karena bentuknya tangible, menempati aspek ruang dan waktu sehingga bersinggungan erat dengan isu pelayanan publik, sosial dan lingkungan, dan menyentuh banyak aspek unsur keadilan. Berdasarkan pengalaman dan pengamatan penulis suatu keadilan memang mudah untuk dituliskan dan dirumuskan. Sayangnya, keadilan juga tidak mudah untuk dilaksanakan, direalisasikan, dikoordinasikan, dan diperjuangkan.
Based on the premise that reliable history can only be written on the basis of sources that are contemporary with the events described, the contributors to this in-depth investigation present research that reveals the obscure origins of Islam in a completely new light.
As a Protestant theologian and diciple of renowned critics of Christianity, Albert Schweitzer and Martin Werner, the Author wanted since long to contribute to the breakthrough of their resolute nontrinitarian position which has throughout the twentieth century by all and every Western Christian university theology been silenced by pretending tacitly and tenaciously the non-existence of their strong argument.
Why and under what circumstances did the religion of Islam emerge in a remote part of Arabia at the beginning of the seventh century? Traditional scholarship maintains that Islam developed in opposition to the idolatrous and polytheistic religion of the Arabs of Mecca and the surrounding regions. In this study of pre-Islamic Arabian religion, G. R. Hawting adopts a comparative religious perspective to suggest an alternative view. By examining the various bodies of evidence which survive from this period, the Koran and the vast resources of the Islamic tradition, the author argues that in fact Islam arose out of conflict with other monotheists whose beliefs and practices were judged to fall short of true monotheism and were, in consequence, attacked polemically as idolatry. The author is adept at unravelling the complexities of the source material, and students and scholars will find his argument both engaging and persuasive.
In this controversial exploration of the early history of Islam, archaeologist Yehuda D. Nevo and researcher Judith Koren present a revolutionary theory of the origins and development of the Islamic state and religion. Whereas most works on this subject derive their view of the history of this period from the Muslim literature, Crossroads to Islam also examines important types of evidence hitherto neglected: the literature of the local (Christian) population, archaeological excavations, numismatics, and especially rock inscriptions. These analyses lay the foundation for a radical view of the development of Islam.According to Nevo and Koren, the evidence suggests that the Arabs were in fact p...