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The Multi-Pher insect trap was first manufactured and marketed in 1984. In 1985, it was used in the development of a detection and monitoring system for the spruce budworm over a major part of the distribution area of the species in North America. From 1984- 89, 12 experiments to assess and optimize trap effectiveness were conducted in balsam fir stands infested by spruce budworm in the Gaspe Peninsula. Three models of the trap were compared and the number of males captured was considered an adequate measure of trap effectiveness. Testing compared lure brand and holder, insecticide, funnel, baffle, colour and trap placement, cleanliness, and holder.
Conifer Cold Hardiness provides an up-to-date synthesis by leading scientists in the study of the major physiological and environmental factors regulating cold hardiness of conifer tree species. This state-of-the-art reference comprehensively explains current understanding of conifer cold hardiness ranging from the gene to the globe and from the highly applied to the very basic. Topics addressed encompass cold hardiness from the perspectives of ecology, ecophysiology, acclimation and deacclimation, seedling production and reforestation, the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors, and methods for studying and analyzing cold hardiness. The content is relevant to geneticists, ecologists, stress physiologists, environmental and global change scientists, pathologists, advanced nursery and silvicultural practitioners, and graduate students involved in plant biology, plant physiology, horticulture and forestry with an interest in cold hardiness.
Mycorrhizal symbioses are widespread and fundamental components of terrestrial ecosystems and have shaped plant evolution. Features such topics as plant/fungal communication, the interaction of mycorrhizal fungi with other soil microorganisms, and the use of mycorrhizal fungi in plant-production systems.
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