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This paper investigates the impacts of the Workers' Party (WP) in government on the homicide rate in Brazil from panel data for the Brazilian states between 1980 and 2011 using the system of generalized method of moments. An important explanatory factor in the homicide rate is the association between socioeconomic variables and left political parties in state governments. The results provide empirical evidence that the WP's control of the government increased the homicide rate more than the other political parties. This suggests that increasing the number of years of WP occupation of the presidency leads to a more pronounced increase in the homicide rate, compared with other political parties. Although the observed trend indicates increased rates of homicide, more substantial growth was observed in almost all states under WP rule during the period 2003 to 2011, contributing to a higher overall level of violence in Brazil.
Even though institutions are created to protect workers, they may interfere with labor market functioning, raise unemployment, and end up being circumvented by informal contracts. This paper uses Brazilian microeconomic data to show that the institutional changes introduced by the 1988 Constitution lowered the sensitivity of real wages to changes in labor market slack and could have contributed to the ensuing higher rates of unemployment in the country. Moreover, the paper shows that states that faced higher increases in informality (i.e., illegal work contracts) following the introduction of the new Constitution tended to have smaller drops in wage responsiveness to macroeconomic conditions, thus suggesting that informality serves as a escape valve to an over-regulated environment.
The worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s was a watershed for both economic thought and economic policymaking. It led to the belief that market economies are inherently unstable and to the revolutionary work of John Maynard Keynes. Its impact on popular economic wisdom is still apparent today. Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century, which uses a common framework to study sixteen depressions from the interwar period in Europe and America, as well as from more recent times in Japan and Latin America, challenges the Keynesian theory of depressions. It develops and uses a methodology for studying depressions that relies on growth accounting and the general equilibrium growth model. Differe...
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Jonas Humphrey (ca. 1580-1661) married Frances Cooley and immigrated from Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England to Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1637. Descendants and relatives lived in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, Ontario, Canada and elsewhere.
This book offers a quantitative and qualitative look at the much-discussed BRICS—Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—and explores how their economic ascent might cause global economic realignments in the 21st century. Providing a Chinese perspective on how the global realignment might impact strategic choices and a data-driven approach to the similarities and differences within the so-called BRICS group, this book will be of great interest to economists, international banking professionals, and political forecasters.