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Urban food prices under lockdown: Evidence from Myanmar’s traditional food retail sector during COVID-19
Many governments imposed stringent lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health measure to suppress the spread of the disease. With consumer incomes already depressed, the potential impacts of these measures on urban food prices are of particular concern. This working paper examines the changes in Myanmar’s urban food prices during lockdown using detailed food price data collected from a panel of phone surveys conducted in August and September 2020 of 431 family-owned retail shops in Myanmar’s two largest cities, Yangon and Mandalay. We find that the supply side of Myanmar’s food retail sector was largely resilient to the shocks and lockdowns throughout the first six month...
Project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture: results from cognitive testing in Myanmar
When designing and evaluating policies and projects for women’s empowerment, appropriate indicators are needed. This paper reports on the lessons learned from two rounds of pretesting and cognitive testing of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) in a total of five States/Regions in Myanmar. We assess if respondents understand the modules as intended and which questions require modification based on the cultural context. We find that the questions also present in the abbreviated WEAI are generally well understood, particularly on instrumental and group agency. The challenge to respond to hypothetical and abstract questions did become apparent in the domain...
A gender-transformative response to COVID-19 in Myanmar
On 27 April, the Myanmar Government published the COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan (CERP) which aims to mitigate COVID-19’s impact on the macroeconomic environment and the private sector and to ease the impact on laborers, workers, and households. The CERP action plan should pay explicit attention to gender discrepancies to avoid unintentional harm or aggravating existing gender inequalities.
Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Urban food retailers - Early July 2020 survey round
Traditional family owned retail shops are the backbone of Myanmar’s consumer market. As the final node in the grocery supply chain, they sell all types of dry foods, i.e., processed and packaged, condiments, snacks, and beverages to final consumers. To some extent, they also supply basic staple grains, i.e., rice and pulses; dairy products; eggs; kitchen crops; and tobacco and alcohol. About 85 percent of all consumer goods in Myanmar are sold through these shops. In the food and grocery sector, these retail outlets, including wet markets, account for 90 percent of all sales, with the other 10 percent accounted for by fast-growing supermarkets. Because of the importance of traditional reta...
Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Urban food retailers - Late July 2020 survey round
This is the second policy note in a series presenting results from rounds of a telephone survey of a sample of retail food shop owners or managers located in two cities in Myanmar – Yangon, the economic center of the country with 4.4 million inhabitants, and Mandalay, the second largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants. The phone surveys are designed to better understand the effects of COVID-19 shocks on Myanmar’s agri-food marketing system from the perspective of these smallscale urban food retailers. Their shops are an important outlet for final consumers to purchase a variety of consumer goods, including many types of processed and packaged dry foods, condiments, snacks, beverages, b...
Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Yangon peri-urban poultry farmers - Early July 2020 survey round
Poultry farmers in Myanmar were originally interviewed by telephone in early and late June 2020 to determine how their businesses were being affected by COVID-19 related restrictions. The results of those surveys were published in Myanmar Strategy Support Program Policy Notes 11 and 13, respectively. To trace the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their economic activities, a third phone survey of poultry farmers was done in early July 2020. The third survey included 247 poultry farmers (177 broiler and 70 layer farms) in the Yangon peri-urban area (Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon regions) who had been interviewed for the second round of the survey. The same survey questionnaire was used. This Policy Note reports on the results of the third survey round.
Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Yangon peri-urban poultry farmers - Early June 2020 survey round
Between 2010 and 2015, consumption in Myanmar of chicken and eggs increased by 72 percent and 40 percent, respectively. Whereas consumption of most other meats fell during this period, chicken had become the most common meat consumed in Myanmar by 2015. An important reason for this growth is that chicken and eggs were the only major animal-source foods for which real retail prices decreased in recent years. In addition, chicken and egg production is of growing importance to human nutrition in Myanmar - chicken and chicken eggs, together with fresh milk, were the only animal-source foods for which consumption by low income households increased substantially between 2010 and 2015. However, dem...
Big Data Analysis and Deep Learning Applications
This book presents a compilation of selected papers from the first International Conference on Big Data Analysis and Deep Learning Applications (ICBDL 2018), and focuses on novel techniques in the fields of big data analysis, machine learning, system monitoring, image processing, conventional neural networks, communication, industrial information, and their applications. Readers will find insights to help them realize more efficient algorithms and systems used in real-life applications and contexts, making the book an essential reference guide for academic researchers, professionals, software engineers in the industry, and regulators of aviation authorities.
