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The Societal and Indirect Economic Burden of Seasonal Influenza in the United Kingdom
Seasonal influenza is a significant public-health issue. In the UK, the influenza season is associated with an increased demand for and pressure on the NHS. The direct health and economic impacts of seasonal influenza have received much attention. However, less attention has been given to its broader societal burden, including its indirect economic impact. We first conducted a rapid evidence assessment of the literature to understand the societal burden of seasonal influenza in the UK. Secondly, we conducted analyses of publicly available, aggregated data from NHS England and NHS Digital to better understand the impact of seasonal influenza on the provision of NHS services both before and af...
Impacts of Increasing Requirements for Research and Development (R&D) Cost Transparency
The costs of researching and developing new medicines are large, with much uncertainty about how successful any new medicine in the R&D pipeline will be. Insights on the size and nature of R&D costs can affect views on how much it is reasonable to pay for a new medicine. Transparency in R&D costs is of public and policy interest. We reviewed the academic and grey literatures to discover what it says about the types of information published about the costs of R&D, the sources of cost data and how much transparency is achievable. We found that transparency was generally not defined explicitly but information that could be made (more) transparent includes: direct R&D costs such as supplies and ...
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