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There is a need to improve signalized intersection operations through identifying malfunctioning detectors, as recent work has shown that errors in data quality and accuracy may be widespread due to issues with aging equipment and unmet maintenance needs. Accordingly, there is a desire for policies, procedures, and techniques to identify malfunctioning detection equipment and evaluate the quality of data produced by detectors. Current tools, including those available through newer Advanced Traffic Controller (ATC) standards, are able to detect major detector failures by examining the presence, absence, or frequency of data being sent by a detector, but these tools are not able to assess the ...
The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk: Issues, Methods, and Case Studies Vincent T. Covello and Branden B. Johnson Risks to health, safety, and the environment abound in the world and people cope as best they can. But before action can be taken to control, reduce, or eliminate these risks, decisions must be made about which risks are important and which risks can safely be ignored. The challenge for decision makers is that consensus on these matters is often lacking. Risks believed by some individuals and groups to be tolerable or accept able - such as the risks of nuclear power or industrial pollutants - are intolerable and unacceptable to others. This book addresses this issue by ex...