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Plasticity and Metabolic Switching in Adipose Tissue Macrophages
Macrophages are the most common immune cells present in adipose tissues. These adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) have an important role in regulating homeostasis and contributing to the metabolically harmful chronic inflammation seen in some obese individuals. Macrophages are cells exhibiting plasticity, that is to alter their polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, in response to stimuli in their microenvironments. There has been a deal of evidence supporting the heterogeneity of these ATM populations, however, research into their differential functionality, developmental origin, and phenotype warrants further research to reach a consensus. Further questions remain regar...
Community Series in Antiviral Innate Immune Sensing, Regulation, and Viral Immune Evasion, volume II
This Research Topic is the second volume of the “Community Series in Antiviral Innate Immune Sensing, Regulation, and Viral Immune Evasion”. Please see the first volume here. The innate immune system is crucial to defend against viruses or other pathogenic microbes in the early phases of infection. The response starts with detecting evolutionarily conserved structures, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), by a set of germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Following the detection of specific viral PAMPs, PRRs trigger the activation of intracellular signaling cascades, ultimately leading to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), pro-inflammatory cytok...
Host and Microbe Adaptations in the Evolution of Immunity
The evolution of metazoans has been accompanied by new interfaces with the microbial environment that include biological barriers and surveillance by specialized cell types. Increasingly complex organisms require increased capacities to confront pathogens, achieved by co-evolution of recognition mechanisms and regulatory pathways. Two distinct but interactive forms of immunity have evolved. Innate immunity, shared by all metazoans, is traditionally viewed as simple and non-specific. Adaptive immunity possesses the capacity to anticipate new infectious challenges and recall previous exposures; the most well-understood example of such a system, exhibited by lymphocytes of vertebrates, is based...
