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Synapses represent a unique neuronal compartment specialized in communication. The morpho-functional investigation of the synapse has always been hindered by its tiny size and high density of molecular elements, but specific technological and methodological advances helped us to reduce these limitations. As the matter of fact, in recent years, we have witnessed the continuous development of new methods allowing measuring and controlling synaptic activation both in vitro and in vivo. These include new genetically encoded sensors of synaptic exo-endocytosis, but also engineered synaptic proteins able to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. Furthermore, new promising tools allow changing t...
Mitochondrial research has exploded over the last ~150 years. This book gives an amazing view on a conceptual change in our understanding of mitochondrial biology. It becomes clear that mitochondria are extremely dynamic in nature, controlling life at multiple levels. Mitochondria rule energy conversion, adapt cells well to changing stress and nutrient conditions, and regulate many cellular processes including immunity. The dynamic nature of mitochondria occurs at an intramitochondrial level but also includes its ability to interact with other organelles and to modulate multiple signalling pathways. It is thus not surprising that alterations or inabilities to ensure this dynamic behaviour is...
Physiology of Sugarcane looks at the development of a suite of well-established and developing biofuels derived from sugarcane and cane-based co-products, such as bagasse. Chapters provide broad-ranging coverage of sugarcane biology, biotechnological advances, and breakthroughs in production and processing techniques. This single volume resource brings together essential information to researchers and industry personnel interested in utilizing and developing new fuels and bioproducts derived from cane crops.
The conquest of Serbia was only one of the goals of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the First World War; beyond this lay the desire to control much of South-East Europe. Employing previously unseen sources, Marvin Fried provides the first complete analysis of the Monarchy's war aims in the Balkans and tells the story of its imperialist ambitions.
Sensory systems play important roles in inducing a variety of responses that are critical to the survival of individuals and species. Neural circuits are generated by a combination of activity dependent and independent processes. The basic architecture of sensory systems is built before birth based on a genetic program. However, the neural maps and circuits are further refined after birth in an activity-dependent manner. If the system is left unstimulated in neonates, its function is permanently impaired and cannot be recovered even when it is stimulated after the critical period.
This book, written by the leading experts in the field of plant electrophysiology, provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current state of knowledge on electrical signaling and responses in plant physiology. It covers a significant interdisciplinary area for a broad range of researchers, emphasizing the physical, chemical, biological, and technological aspects of plant electrophysiology, while also demonstrating the role of electrochemical processes and ion channels in plant life cycles. Separate chapters describe the electrophysiology of the Venus flytrap, the Telegraph plant, Mimosa pudica, and other interesting plant species. Subsequent sections focus on mechanisms of plant movement, the role of ion channels, morphing structures, and the effects of electrical signal transduction on photosynthesis and respiration. Further topics include the electrophysiology of plant-insect interactions, how plants sense different environmental stresses and stimuli, and how phytoactuators respond to them. All chapters analyze the generation and transmission of electrical signals in plants.
Sekiz bölümden oluşan eserin ilk bölümünde, “Hayatları ve Eserleri Işığında Orta Çağ Avrupası’nın Kadın Yazarlarının” araştırıldığı çalışma yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde, “Memlûklerin Son Döneminde Mekke’de Emîrlik Mücadelesinin Hac Ve Hac Yollarına Etkisi (Emîr Câzânî-Emîr Berekât Örneği” ile ilgili çalışmaya yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümü, “Sultan Selahaddin’in Akka’yı Haçlılara Neden Kaybettiği” ile ilgili araştırma oluşturmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde, “Bizans Devleti’nde Paganizm Tartışmaları: İrene Dönemi” ile ilgili müstakil bir çalışmaya yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, “I. Ha...
Tapınak Şövalyeleri Kitap Açıklaması İlk ortaya çıktıklarında Kudüs’e hacı olmaya gelen Hristiyanları koruma iddiasında bulunan Tapınak Şövalyeleri, zaman içinde ülkelerin siyasi ve ekonomik politikalarını etkileyen ve hatta belirleyen bir güce nasıl sahip olmuşlardı? Gizli bir tarikat yapısına sahip olan Tapınakçılar, Kudüs’te Süleyman Mabedi altında bulunan dehlizlerde neler ile karşılaşmışlar ve kazılarda ele geçirdikleri ile nasıl tüm dünyada büyük etkiler oluşturabilmişlerdi? Avrupa’nın ve dolayısı ile tüm dünyanın gidişatını etkileyen, Orta Çağ’ı şekillendiren, muasırlaşma sürecinde birçok kültüre etkisi olan, k...