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Transcellular Cycles underlying Neurotransmission
Synaptic transmission demands the operation of a highly specialized metabolic machinery involving the transfer of metabolites and neurotransmitters between neurons, astrocytes and microvessels. In the last years, important advances have occurred in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cerebral activation, neuroglial coupling and the associated neurovascular response. Briefly, exacerbated oxygen consumption in stimulated neurons is thought to trigger glycolytic lactate and glucose transfer from astrocytes which, in turn, obtain these fuels from the microvasculature. Neurotransmitter release is made possible by a combination of transcellular cycles exchanging metabolites between thes...
The link between brain energy homeostasis and neuronal activity
The brain is an extremely energy consuming part of the body, which makes it dangerously vulnerable to metabolic stress. It’s no wonder then that abnormalities of brain energy metabolism are becoming the usual suspects and a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. The socioeconomic burden of these alone begs for urgent measures to be taken for better understanding both fundamental and applied problems of neuroenergetics and neuroprotection. For instance, brain imaging reveals that the diseased brains of Alzheimer’s patients cannot efficiently utilize the vital brain fuel, glucose. The resulting energy deficit causes neuronal hyperactivity, seizures and cognitive impairments. Administ...
Neural Metabolism In Vivo
From the preface: “Neural Metabolism In Vivo aims to provide a comprehensive overview of neurobiology by presenting the basic principles of up-to-date and cutting-edge technology, as well as their application in assessing the functional, morphological and metabolic aspects of the brain. Investigation of neural activity of the living brain via neurovascular coupling using multimodal imaging techniques extended our understanding of fundamental neurophysiological mechanisms, regulation of cerebral blood flow in connection to neural activity and the interplay between neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels. Constant delivery of glucose and oxygen for energy metabolism is vital for brain function...
Astrocytic-neuronal-astrocytic Pathway Selection for Formation and Degradation of Glutamate/GABA
Endocrinological research early recognized the importance of intercellular interactions and realized the importance of glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. In turn this signalling depends on elaborate interactions between astrocytes and neurons, without which neurons would be unable to produce, reuse and metabolize transmitter glutamate and GABA. Details of these subjects are described in this Research Topic by key investigators in this field. It focuses on the intricate and extremely swift pathway producing these amino acid transmitters from glucose in brain but also discusses difficulties in determining expression of some of the necessary genes in astrocytes and related processes in pancreatic islets. However, it does not discuss how closely associated astrocytes and neurons are anatomically, enabling these interactions. This is elegantly shown in this cover image, kindly provided by Professor Andreas Reichenbach (University of Leipzig, Germany).
Auditory neuroanatomy: A sound foundation for sound processing
In the last two decades, the ever increasing pace of auditory research has generated an undreamed of knowledge about the molecular and cellular bases of hearing, the physiopathology of hearing loss, the activity of the brain evoked by sounds, and the possibilities of imaginative strategies to restore hearing. The aim of this Research Topic is to contribute to the development of auditory neuroscience by placing in an up-to-date morphological context some of the latest developments in the field. This Research Topic for Frontiers in Neuroanatomy will consist of peer-reviewed articles dealing with the development, evolution, function and plasticity of the auditory system through a broad range of...
Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies in the Management of Cerebral Gliomas
Cerebral gliomas account for 45% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The median survival after the initial diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is only 15 months, and less than 10% of patients survive three years post-diagnosis. Surgical treatment followed by adjuvant therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy represents the classical strategy in glioma management. The revised WHO 2016 classification now distinguishes the oligodendrogliomas with 1p19q codeletion and IDH mutation from the astrocytomas with or without IDH mutations, thereby creating homogenous and pathologically distinct subgroups. While the status of gene expression and mutations define components of GBM subtypes, it was also found that response to therapies was different for each subtype, suggesting that personalized treatment based on genomic alterations could lead to a more favorable outcome for this disease.
The Metabolic-Inflammatory Axis in Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration
Impairment of energy metabolism is a hallmark of brain aging and several neurodegenerative diseases, such as the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Age- and disease-related hypometabolism is commonly associated with oxidative stress and they are both regarded as major contributors to the decline in synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroinflammatory changes, entailing microglial activation and elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines, also correlate with age-related cognitive decline. It is still under debate whether the mitochondrial dysfunction-induced metabolic deficits or the microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation is the initiator of the cognitive changes in aging and AD. Neverth...
Exploring Cancer Metabolic Reprogramming through Molecular Imaging
The inclusion of oncogene-driven reprogramming of energy metabolism within the list of cancer hallmarks (Hanahan and Weinberg, Cell 2000, 2011) has provided major impetus to further investigate the existence of a much wider metabolic rewiring in cancer cells, which not only includes deregulated cellular bioenergetics, but also encompasses multiple links with a more comprehensive network of altered biochemical pathways. This network is currently held responsible for redirecting carbon and phosphorus fluxes through the biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, lipids and phospholipids and for the production of second messengers essential to cancer cells growth, survival and invasiveness in the...
