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New Insights in Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Leprosy (or Hansen’s disease) is a chronic infectious granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis that affects predominantly the skin and peripheral nerves. Leprosy is one of the oldest known illnesses of mankind; however, it is still one of the most neglected diseases worldwide, impacting more than 120 countries, mainly in underdeveloped settings. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for reducing the burden of this disease and avoiding long-term irreversible consequences such as deformities and mutilations. Thus, the World Health Organization has focused its efforts on preventive programs as well as the search for easy-to-handle diagnosis tools and the implementation of new strategies to improve the therapeutic options available.
Women in Cytokines and Soluble Mediators in Immunity
We are delighted to present the inaugural Frontiers in Immunology “Women in Cytokines and Soluble Mediators in Immunity” series of article collections. At present, less than 30% of researchers worldwide are women. Long-standing biases and gender stereotypes are discouraging girls and women away from science-related fields, and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) research in particular. Science and gender equality are, however, essential to ensure sustainable development as highlighted by UNESCO. In order to change traditional mindsets, gender equality must be promoted, stereotypes defeated, and girls and women should be encouraged to pursue STEM careers.
Hansen’s Disease
Hansen’s disease (leprosy) is endemic in more than 100 countries worldwide, with over 200,000 new diagnoses each year and more than 4 million people living with some form of HD-related impairment. The World Health Organization’s ‘Global Leprosy Strategy’ timeline for Hansen’s disease elimination indicates that it will be encountered in clinical practice in endemic countries for at least another decade. Increasing north-to-south migration, global travel and overseas medical work mean that physicians in non-endemic countries will also encounter patients with Hansen’s disease, which can affect people for many years before diagnosis and after treatment. For busy clinicians, it repres...
Strategies in the drug discovery and development for leishmaniasis: immunomodulators, natural products, synthetic compounds, and drug repositioning
Leishmaniases are a group of tropical diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. They are considered neglected diseases prevalent in emerging countries in Latin America, West Africa, and Southeast Asia and still occurring in Mediterranean countries. There is no human vaccine available to prevent and control the disease infection. For the last 70 years, the available chemotherapy has been constituted by first-line (pentavalent antimonials) and second-line drugs (amphotericin B, pentamidine, paramomycin, and miltefosine). Its route of administration is difficult, the treatment is long, and its efficiency varies depending on the parasite species and clinical manifestations, which results in the emergence of resistant cases. Moreover, they present high toxicity to patients, and even some less toxic formulations available, are still expensive for the poorest countries’ vulnerable populations. This often leads to abandonment and failure of treatment. The medical-scientific community is facing difficulties to overcome these issues with new suitable therapies, and the identification of new drug targets. So, it means that efforts to identify new strategies must continue.
Report of the first WHO global meeting on skin-related neglected tropical diseases, Geneva, Switzerland, 27-31 March 2023
The World Health Organization (WHO) held its inaugural global meeting on skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs) on 27–31 March 2023, convening more than 800 global experts, stakeholders and partners. The aim of the meeting was to discuss the progress and challenges of integrating control and management of skin NTDs at the country level, in alignment with the NTD road map 2021–2030 (“the road map”) and the companion road map document on skin NTDs (“the skin NTD framework”). Skin diseases rank among the top reasons for outpatient visits and often lead to long-term disability, stigmatization and mental health issue and half of the 20 NTDs present with skin manifestatio...
New Contributions in Information Systems and Technologies
This book contains a selection of articles from The 2015 World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (WorldCIST'15), held between the 1st and 3rd of April in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, a global forum for researchers and practitioners to present and discuss recent results and innovations, current trends, professional experiences and challenges of modern Information Systems and Technologies research, technological development and applications. The main topics covered are: Information and Knowledge Management; Organizational Models and Information Systems; Intelligent and Decision Support Systems; Big Data Analytics and Applications; Software Systems, Architectures, Applications and Tools; Multimedia Systems and Applications; Computer Networks, Mobility and Pervasive Systems; Human-Computer Interaction; Health Informatics; Information Technologies in Education; Information Technologies in Radio communications.
