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Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents
Prior to 1862, when the Department of Agriculture was established, the report on agriculture was prepared and published by the Commissioner of Patents, and forms volume or part of volume, of his annual reports, the first being that of 1840. Cf. Checklist of public documents ... Washington, 1895, p. 148.
Differential Trafficking of Ligands Trogocytosed Via CD28 Versus CTLA4 Promotes Collective Cellular Control of Co-stimulation
Abstract: Intercellular communication is crucial for collective regulation of cellular behaviors. While clustering T cells have been shown to mutually control the production of key communication signals, it is unclear whether they also jointly regulate their availability and degradation. Here we use newly developed reporter systems, bioinformatic analyses, protein structure modeling and genetic perturbations to assess this. We find that T cells utilize trogocytosis by competing antagonistic receptors to differentially control the abundance of immunoregulatory ligands. Specifically, ligands trogocytosed via CD28 are shuttled to the T cell surface, enabling them to co-stimulate neighboring T cells. In contrast, CTLA4-mediated trogocytosis targets ligands for degradation. Mechanistically, this fate separation is controlled by different acid-sensitivities of receptor-ligand interactions and by the receptor intracellular domains. The ability of CD28 and CTLA4 to confer different fates to trogocytosed ligands reveals an additional layer of collective regulation of cellular behaviors and promotes the robustness of population dynamics
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a group of disorders involving defects in one or more components of the immune system, and are characterized by an increased incidence of infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Although PID seem to be rare, the number of patients diagnosed has increased in recent years, and more than 150 different forms of PID have been identified. Nevertheless, because of inadequate medical awareness, a significant number of patients with PID are either not recognized as having a PID or are not diagnosed as early as they should be. Such delays lead to a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality among affected individuals. Our understanding of PID is imp...
Horseheads
Known as the gateway to the Finger Lakes, Horseheads is located in the center of Chemung County. Horseheads is the only town and village in the United States named in dedication to the service of the American military horse. In 1779, Gen. John Sullivan's army mercifully disposed of their worn-out horses on return from their war against the Six Nations of the Iroquois. The Iroquois arranged the bleached skulls along the crossroads, giving the area the name "Valley of the Horses' Heads." First with the Chemung Canal, then the earliest railroads, Horseheads became a hub for early industry. Horseheads shares photographs of a community that was nationally known for its high-quality bricks, produce, and lumber. What were once fertile celery farmlands grew into an industrial center for prefab homes that built the housing developments of Horseheads. Today, Horseheads has entered a period of growth due to the influx of the gas drilling industry.
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