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Reducing Animal Use in Carcinogenicity Testing
Carcinogenicity to rats and mice is evaluated for substances to which humans are exposed, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and industrial chemicals. For pharmaceuticals, recent efforts to reduce animal use in long-term studies include an addendum to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guideline S1B(R1) that prioritizes short-term studies in transgenic mice and recommends assessing the weight of evidence available to first determine whether a long-term study in rats would add value. For other sectors, an expert group of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is developing an Integrated Approach to the Testing and Assessment (IATA) of non-genotoxic carcinogens based on common hallmarks of cancers and on key characteristics of carcinogens. Within current regulations, animal use could be reduced by evaluating toxicokinetics in main study animals with microsampling methods, by including only one negative control group, and by genotyping transgenic mice instead of using positive control groups in each study.
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Muzzling a Movement
In Muzzling the Movement, lawyer Dara Lovitz presents an in-depth and tightly argued analysis of the case of the SHAC-7. She reveals the history behind the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, examines the tendentious and speculative government case against the SHAC activists, and in so doing shows how the U.S. government has deeply compromised the freedom of speech and protest enshrined in the Constitution. The ability to protest peacefully and to voice unpopular opinions without being arrested and imprisoned arbitrarily are cornerstones of the U.S. Constitution, and are the reasons why, in spite of the many limitations imposed upon sectors of its society over the centuries, the dominant order ...
