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Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms in Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis and Treatment
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, the group of cancers that affect the gastrointestinal tract and other organs that are contained within the digestive system, including the esophagus, pancreas, stomach, colon, rectum, anus, liver, biliary system and small intestine, is the most common malignant diseases with high mortality rates, leading to a substantial burden on public health and healthcare systems around the world. Diverse subtypes of GI cancer impressively exhibit similar characteristics like high frequency oncogenic mutation burden, early metastatic potency, chemo-resistance and immunotherapeutic tolerance indicating a possible unique tumorigenic mechanism.
Biomarkers, Functional Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentials in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Significant changes in diet, environment, and population increase gastrointestinal cancer morbidity. A growing number of novel biomarkers and underlying mechanisms are being elucidated, some of which may even conflict with assumptions of past decades. Therefore, collecting recent findings on novel diagnostic/prognostic factors, biomarkers, and/or risk factors in gastrointestinal cancers is a prerequisite for a better understanding of the disease. Despite remarkable progressions in surgical treatments and chemotherapies, the prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer is far from satisfactory due to the high occurrence of drug resistance. Based on the identification of novel biomarkers as well as th...
Cancer and inflammatory diseases research: from the basics to the precision medicine
Precision medicine, or personalized medicine, is related to treatment based on the patient’s individual characteristics. To promote this personalized approach, diseases must accurately be diagnosed; specific biomarkers can predict disease evolution and optimize therapy based on each patient's characteristics such as their genetic background, lifestyle and environmental risk factors. Over the years, we have seen a revolution in pharmacotherapy and management of patients receiving personalized medicine, especially when we consider immunotherapy and specific tyrosine kinases inhibitors. Patients with inflammatory diseases, such as monogenetic diabetes and chronic kidney disease, have benefited from the progress made within the last decade related to our understanding of the genetic basis of diabetes. Similarly, patients in precision oncology, with breast, prostate and blood cancer have experienced better overall survival rates with targeted therapy such as trastuzumab (breast cancer), PARPs inhibitors (prostate cancer), imatinib, ibrutinib and venetoclax (leukemia).
Novel Molecular Targets and Treatments for Gastroesophageal Cancer
Gastroesophageal cancer is among the most common malignant diseases worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates, leading to a substantial burden on public health and healthcare systems around the world. Chemotherapeutic drugs have achieved great success in the treatment of esophageal cancer; however, they also bring cytotoxicity to other organs and often have serious side effects. With the development of molecular diagnostics and biomarker discovery, the application of precision medicine has emerged to improve clinical outcomes.
