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Abstract: Global land cover is an essential climate variable and a key biophysical driver for earth system models. While remote sensing technology, particularly satellites, have played a key role in providing land cover datasets, large discrepancies have been noted among the available products. Global land use is typically more difficult to map and in many cases cannot be remotely sensed. In-situ or ground-based data and high resolution imagery are thus an important requirement for producing accurate land cover and land use datasets and this is precisely what is lacking. Here we describe the global land cover and land use reference data derived from the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing platform via four campaigns. These global datasets provide information on human impact, land cover disagreement, wilderness and land cover and land use. Hence, they are relevant for the scientific community that requires reference data for global satellite-derived products, as well as those interested in monitoring global terrestrial ecosystems in general
If you have a working knowledge of JavaScript and ECMAScript 6 (ES6), this practical guide will help you tackle modular programming to produce code that’s readable, maintainable, and scalable. You’ll learn the fundamentals of modular architecture with JavaScript and the benefits of writing self-contained code at every system level, including the client and server. Nicolás Bevacqua, author of Practical Modern JavaScript, demonstrates how to scale out JavaScript applications by breaking codebases into smaller modules. By following the design practices in this book, senior developers, technical leaders, and software architects will learn how to create modules that are simple and flexible while keeping internal complexity in check. Learn modular design essentials, including how your application will be consumed and what belongs on the interface Design module internals to keep your code readable and its intent clear Reduce complexity by refactoring code and containing and eliminating state Take advantage of modern JavaScript features to write clear programs and reduce complexity Apply Twelve-Factor App principles to frontend and backend JavaScript application development
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein Konzept zur Definition einer Transformationsbeschreibungssprache für Landbedeckungs- und Landnutzungssysteme. Den Schwerpunkt dabei bildet das Thema der semantischen Transformation und geometrischen Generalisierung des österreichischen LISA Landbedeckungs- und Landnutzungsdatensatzes in das europäische Corine Land Cover Model. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird im Speziellen die Eignung der in der ISO/DIS 19144-2 beschriebenen Landcover Meta Language bei Erarbeitung der Konzepte zur Modelltransformation untersucht.*****The present paper describes a concept to define a descriptive language to transform between land cover and land use systems. The main focus deals with the semantic transformation and geometric generalization between the Austrian LISA land cover and land use dataset into the European Corine Land Cover Model. Within the scope of this work the suitability of the Land Cover Meta Language described in ISO/DIS 19144-2 for creating a concept for model transformation will be examined.
Newsletter of the Society. Contains brief articles on historical documents and on Society meetings and business. Included are auction catalogs.
This extraordinarily comprehensive, well-documented, biographical dictionary of some 1,500 photographers (and workers engaged in photographically related pursuits) active in western North America before 1865 is enriched by some 250 illustrations. Far from being simply a reference tool, the book provides a rich trove of fascinating narratives that cover both the professional and personal lives of a colorful cast of characters.
A collection of documents supplementing the companion series known as "Colonial records," which contain the Minutes of the Provincial council, of the Council of safety, and of the Supreme executive council of Pennsylvania.